Most cover crops did not outcompete weeds, but treatments with less weeds produced more overall biomass. Mean total biomass (cover crop + weeds) by site year ranged from 1,890 kg ha −1 in MN Y1 to 5,793 kg ha −1 in WI Y2 and varied among species in Y1 for both the SD and LD treatments. To quantify effects on cash crops, we measured fall broccoli yield and biomass. To quantify cover crop quantity, quality, and weed suppression capacity, we measured cover crop and weed biomass, and biomass C:N. Our study included four site years, during which we investigated the effects of four cover crop species treatments, grown for 30 (short duration, SD) or 50 days (long duration, LD) alongside bare fertilized and unfertilized control treatments: buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum) and sunn hemp ( Crotalaria juncea) monocultures, and biculture of chickling vetch ( Lathyrus sativus) or cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata) with sorghum-sudangrass (sudex) ( Sorghum bicolor x S. This project evaluated summer cover crops in the northern USA (MN and WI) for biomass accumulation, weed suppression, and contribution to fall cash crop yield. In northern climate vegetable systems, warm-season cover crops planted during short summer fallows could be a tool to build resilience via ecosystem service enhancement. Vegetable farming often includes spring and fall production, limiting establishment and productive potential of over-wintered cover crops that are more widely used in the USA. Diversification with cover crops may support increased resilience through soil organic matter (SOM) contributions and physical soil protection. Intensive production practices characterizing vegetable farming contribute to high productivity, but often at the expense of supporting and regulating ecosystem services.
Three books of her poems have been printed: Poems From North Dakota, Country Poems and Poems From Our Town. Her poems appeared in The Farmer, The REC Magazine, The Bismarck Tribune, The Washburn Leader, The McLean County Journal, and several were included in the workbook distributed to the public schools by the N.D. Like my mother, Florence was a writer and contributed to many periodicals. They had four children and many grandchildren.įlorence and my mother were close friends. Until Florence passed away in 1996, they lived on a farm fifteen miles south of Turtle Lake. She had three sisters and two brothers.įlorence taught rural township school for three years before she married Charles Renfrow, a neighbor boy who had recently return from service overseas during World War II. Her parents, John and Lulu Fandrick, were farmers all their lives. Her paternal grandparents, Germans from Romania, immigrated to the United States in 1902 and were also able to homestead nearby. The nearest town at that time was Washburn - founded just two years earlier.
That was five years before North Dakota became a state. Her maternal grandparents homesteaded south of what is now Turtle Lake in 1884. Florence Mae Fandrick Renfrow: 1926 - 1996įlorence Renfrow was born and raised in the Turtle Lake area of McLean County North Dakota and she never lived anywhere else.
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